Reliable Online Sources for Research Chemicals

What Are Research Chemicals?

Research chemicals are substances which are used recreationally by people seeking to alter their moods and get high.1 Research chemicals (RC’s) are dangerous and do not have a legitimate or legal purpose for the general public. Despite the name, research chemicals are not chemicals used in scientific research. In the context of substance abuse, research chemicals are poorly understood and can be very dangerous. While copyright is not a research chemical, some of these substances are associated with copyright-like effects when ingested. Find out more about research chemicals in this scientific article.

In medical and scientific research, as outlined by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), chemicals can be used to develop new pharmaceutical remedies or investigate the effects of specific molecules.² However, research chemicals used to get high are a different type of substance altogether.

These substances are developed in a lab and frequently have mechanisms of action or effects that mimic those of other abused substances such as marijuana, opioids, or copyright. These drugs are then sold to people with little understanding of their chemical constituents or actual effects for the mere purpose of recreational use. Although the chemicals may have once been derived from legitimate chemical research, the term research chemicals is misleading and hides how dangerous these psychoactive substances can be.¹

In their legitimate scientific form, research chemicals are just that—new chemicals in the research stage of development —so they come with hypotheses about potential uses but little in the way of controlled studies or clear information on health risks. Chemical formulas are obtained by copying publicly published research; the structure is replicated and then mass-produced and sold, typically through online vendors.⁴ Some vendors are selling research chemicals on social media apps, such as Instagram and Snapchat.⁵

Research Chemical Laws

Research chemicals are commonly classified as synthetic drugs for legal and regulatory purposes. Synthetics are a broad grouping of drugs which include copyright (copyright), copyright, synthetic cathinones (bath salts), and synthetic cannabinoids (Spice and K2). Many agencies refer to these drugs as new psychoactive substances (NPS), as they are all manufactured in laboratory settings, and many of them have legal analogues that were developed specifically to bypass drug enforcement laws.¹ Often, the packaging for these products has the warning label: not for human consumption.

In the US, state and federal drug laws currently outlaw specific molecules or chemical structures, but research chemical manufacturers try to bypass these laws by changing the drug's structure as new laws are passed. This makes research chemicals even more unpredictable and dangerous; just because one batch led to a stimulant-like high doesn't mean the next batch will do the same.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime stated in 2018 that most NPS reported around the world were either a combination of previously reported NPS or slightly altered versions of previously reported chemicals.⁶ A total of 478 different NPS were identified as being on the drug market as of 2017.

A list of research chemicals changes nearly every day as new versions are developed. A list of dangerous research chemicals (RC’s) that have been found and seized due to reported substance abuse and overdose is outlined below.

• 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe: These designer hallucinogens are taken orally and sometimes confused with LSD. Severe toxicity and deaths have been reported in connection with these substances. They are often referred to as N-bomb or Smiles.⁷
• 2C Series: A popular group of synthetic hallucinogens, these drugs contain 2,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamine. One of the more famous is 2C-E, also known as Europa. The drugs allegedly produce the same effects as LSD. Dangerous and unpredictable side effects include difficulty breathing and persistent, psychotic hallucinations. Drugs in the 2C series have been linked to lethal overdoses.⁸
• Acetyl copyright: With copyright, a potent prescription narcotic around 100 times more potent than copyright, already devastating the country, the introduction of acetyl copyright as a research chemical puts people struggling with opioid addiction at significant risk of death. This opioid product has been linked to fatalities, but as a research chemical, human reactions to the substance have not been exhaustively documented.⁹
• Arylcyclohexylamine: This group of chemicals is marketed as being similar to copyright; they allegedly elicit dissociative, anaesthetic, and hallucinogenic effects. While pharmaceutical copyright is an arylcyclohexylamine, the group contains other, less understood research chemicals.¹⁰
• Bromo-DragonFLY: There is case report evidence to suggest that this synthetic copyright amphetamine derivative has led to severe toxic reactions that include agitation and seizures.¹¹
• Etizolam: This benzodiazepine cousin is 10 times more potent than Valium, a long-acting prescription anti-anxiety medication. While etizolam is legal in India, Italy, and Japan to treat insomnia, it is not prescribed in the United States. People who struggle with benzodiazepine addiction have been known to purchase this drug through online retailers when it is marketed as a research chemical; unfortunately, the status of a research chemical means that this version of etizolam has likely been tampered with, making it more dangerous. Use of the drug can lead to slurred speech, confusion, headaches, and drowsiness, among other side effects.¹²
• Methoxamine (MXE): This drug is a dissociative and pain suppressant, similar to copyright; in fact, it is often sold as a copyright derivative. MXE boasts effects like those of PCP, another dangerous synthetic psychoactive drug. The high from MXE lasts 5-7 hours. There are overdose deaths linked to this compound.¹³
• Methylhexanamine (DMAA): This designer stimulant is marketed as a synthetic cathinone replacement, especially after horrific reports around the dangers of bath salts. DMAA is sometimes found in the dietary supplement market for weight loss because supplements are poorly regulated in the US.¹⁴
• Other phenethylamines: Technically,  phenethylamines can be found in the body; most mammals produce these neurotransmitters, which are associated with infatuation and romance. They are stimulants, with effects like those of copyright or amphetamines. When mixed in research chemicals, these drugs can lead to intense highs like those associated with copyright or copyright.¹⁵
• Piperazines: More commonly found in industrial chemicals, these drugs are both stimulants and hallucinogens, believed to have amphetamine-like or copyright-like psychoactive effects. Common chemicals in this group include BZP, TFMPP, mCPP, and MeOPP. They are found as tablets, which could lead to confusion with other drugs in tablet form.¹⁶
• Tryptamines: These occur naturally in some plant species, although the intoxicating version is produced in a lab. These are hallucinogens that distort reality more than other forms of hallucinogenic substances. They can be found in tablet, powder, or blotter paper form, and dozens of chemicals in this group are widely available.¹⁷

Mental and Physical Effects of Research Chemicals

Information on the effects of research chemicals relies on two sources: emergency department reports when a person overdoses and anecdotal evidence from those who survive the high. Of the two, overdose reports are able to provide more objective information and underscore how dangerous and hard to control these substances can be. ¹⁸

• Extreme agitation.
• Anxiety and paranoia.
• Intense hallucinations.
• Psychosis.
• Seizures.
• Organ damage to the liver, kidneys, lungs, etc.
• Stopped breathing.
• Lack of response, unconsciousness, or coma.

• Dehydration.
• Nausea.
• Diarrhea.
• Pupil dilation.
• Either excitement or relaxation, unpredictably.
• Vasoconstriction, or tightening of the blood vessels related to stimulation.
• Sweating.
• Increased heart rate.
• Increased breathing rate.
• Spontaneous tactile sensations or hallucinations.
• Elevated body temperature, sometimes leading to hyperthermia.
• Liver and kidney damage from hyperthermia.

In many cases, psychological effects are the desired outcome of using these drugs. In addition to producing auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations, effects such as derealization and time dilation can be quite dangerous for users.

Other psychological changes associated with research chemicals include:

• Violence toward others.
• Delusions.
• Confusion.
• Difficulty communicating.
• Panic.
• Disorientation.
• Paranoia.

After ingesting research chemicals, people have been hospitalized due to erratic behavior, seizures, depressed or stopped breathing, and other dangers. Emergency rooms are getting better at recognizing designer drugs, largely because of the swath of overdoses from bath salts or synthetic cannabis; however, the presence of the chemicals is still difficult to identify in many people who are admitted for overdose treatment since the chemical formulas are not widely known. This makes reporting overdoses on specific chemicals difficult.¹⁹

Signs of Research Chemical Abuse and Addiction

Research chemicals are designed to be potent. They act in specific ways in the brain, quickly inducing hallucinations, pleasure, relaxation, or stimulation. Dangerous side effects can last a long time, with little understanding of how more info long the chemicals bind to receptors in the brain, how they are metabolised, and how long they stay in the body.

Most drugs have an understood therapeutic window: how much of the drug is required to produce a specific effect, how long before adverse symptoms begin, and how much is required before overdose symptoms occur. When scientific researchers examine new chemicals, the second step after development is to begin examining the therapeutic window through animal studies. Unfortunately, designer drugs in the research chemical group rarely have featured animal studies before they are sold to the public.

Changes in behaviour may appear like those associated with other hallucinogens like LSD, psychoactive drugs like copyright, potent synthetic opioids like copyright, or more famous synthetic chemicals like bath salts. It is hard to say precisely which effects result from taking these substances because there is no standard for what chemicals will be found in research chemicals. For example, a person who thinks they are using copyright may instead be ingesting a chemical which contains copyright.

The only way to know if a person is struggling with abuse of research chemicals is if they are hospitalised for an overdose or other physical symptoms related to their use. Their behaviour will most likely be paranoid or psychotic, and they may report seeing or hearing things that are not there for several hours. Their breathing may stop; they may vomit a great deal; they may stop eating; they may suffer from hyperthermia; they may have seizures; they may have a heart attack; or they may fall into a coma.

There is no such thing as a mild high, and there is rarely a ramp-up stage for abuse with these drugs. More widely known and abused drugs like copyright, marijuana, alcohol, and opioids often begin with small doses here and there; but as a person builds tolerance to a substance, they will take more and more, as their body begins to rely on the presence of the drug to create equilibrium with neurotransmitters in the brain. They will seek out these substances; they will lie about their abuse; and they may begin to avoid work, school, or social events in favor of taking the drug. In contrast, one dose of research chemicals could lead to overdose, or it could produce little effect.

Getting Help and Treatment for Research Chemical Addiction

UNODC reported in their 2016 World Drug Report that most people who abuse NPSs, including research chemicals, are likely to be polysubstance users.²¹ This is largely because people who frequently ingest NPSs do so without knowing what they are taking; they are at a large social event like a rave and purchase drugs sold as other drugs, like copyright, LSD, or copyright. They are more likely to consume illicit substances in combination with alcohol and other street drugs. However, other reports suggest that some people who abuse NPSs do so intentionally, after purchasing research chemicals through online vendors.

• Consistent, bad hangovers or comedowns
• Experiencing a serious accident, like a fall leading to head injury or broken bones
• Violent behaviour toward oneself or others
• Worsening mental health, especially depression and anxiety
• Medical problems, such as infections, heart disease, liver damage, or kidney failure
• Overdose and hospitalisation

Withdrawal symptoms associated with research chemicals are unknown but may be like those of drugs they are related to, including copyright:

• Trouble concentrating
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Depression

Since people who struggle with research chemical abuse are more likely to be polydrug abusers, withdrawal can be complicated by physical dependence on other substances, including alcohol, marijuana, opioids, or copyright.

Meeting the Needs of People Struggling with Research Chemical Addiction

Finding a detox program that can manage intense symptoms is very important. A person who struggles with research chemical abuse may have to detox in a hospital setting with 24/7 supervision from medical professionals. Because little is understood about research chemicals and how the body metabolises these substances, there are no medicated options for medically managed withdrawal,²⁴ unlike opioids, alcohol, benzodiazepines, and some other intoxicating drugs. However, medical interventions may be necessary, including breathing support, tranquillisers, and IV fluids.

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) has guidelines for treating people struggling with polydrug abuse, which may work well as a foundation for treatment of research chemical abuse. EMCDDA states that withdrawal management/detox is the first step, followed by drug-free physical and social techniques, like psychotherapy, geared to improving the individual's well-being and independence.²⁵

Rehabilitation after detox requires evaluating the individual’s physical and psychological health. Co-occurring mental health disorders, like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia, must be treated at the same time as substance abuse; otherwise, failure to treat one issue increases the risk of relapse in symptoms of the other condition. The person should also be assessed to determine if inpatient or outpatient treatment will work best.

NIDA reports that most people benefit most from rehabilitation when they stay in treatment for three months, or 90 days. The agency also notes that treatment must be easily accessible and widely available. For many people, however, insurance will only cover one month of treatment, if any; other financial obstacles could get in the way of appropriate treatment, like unemployment.²⁶

Finding a rehabilitation program that specialises in designer drugs, NPSs, or research chemical treatment may be challenging, as these are newer substances. Most rehab centres can address abuse of and addiction to these substances even if they don’t specialise in them. As more information about these substances is gathered, rehabilitation programs are expanding their therapeutic treatment options to help people struggling with research chemical addiction.

References

1. Schifano, F., Orsolini, L., Duccio Papanti, G., & Corkery, J. M. (2015). Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 14(1),15-26.
2. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Ordering guidelines for research chemicals and controlled substances.
3. U.S. Department of Justice. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2013). Synthetic drugs 101. Trafficking and abuse trends.
4. Ayres, T. C., & Bond, J. W. (2012). A chemical analysis examining the pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances freely available over the internet and their impact on public (ill) health. Legal highs or illegal highs? BMJ 2(4).
5. Moyle, L., Childs, A., Coomber, R., & Barratt, M. J. (2019). # Drugsforsale: An exploration of the use of social media and encrypted messaging apps to supply and access drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 63, 101-110.
6. United Nations. (2018). World drug report.
7. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2018). 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe
8. Dean, B. V., Stellpflug, S. J., Burnett, A. M., & Engebretsen, K. M. (2013). 2C or not 2C: phenethylamine designer drug review. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 9(2), 172-178.
9. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2018). Acetyl copyright.
10. Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., … & Adejare, A. (2016). Pharmacological investigations of the dissociative ‘legal highs’ diphenidine, methoxphenidine and analogues. PLoS One, 11(6).
11. Wood, D. M., Looker, J. J., Shaikh, L., Button, J., Puchnarewicz, M., Davies, S., … & Dargan, P. I. (2009). Delayed onset of seizures and toxicity associated with recreational use of Bromo-dragonFLY. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 5(4),226.
12. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2018). Etizolam.
13. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Methoxetamine.
14. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Dimethylpentylamine.
15. United Nations Office of Drug Control. (2019). Phenethylamines.
16. United Nations Office of Drug Control. (2019). Piperazines.
17. Araújo, A. M., Carvalho, F., de Lourdes Bastos, M., De Pinho, P. G., & Carvalho, M. (2015). The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Archives of Toxicology, 89(8),1151-1173.
18. State of Colorado. (2013). Safe schools training: New tends in substance abuse. Youth substance abuse symposium.
19. Galanter, M., Kleber, H. D., & Brady, K. (Eds.). (2014). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment. American Psychiatric Publishing.
20. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2007). Tolerance.
21. United Nations Office on Drug Control. (2016). World drug report.
22. National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction. (2004). Polydrug use.
23. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). copyright (copyright/Molly).
24. New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services. Guidelines for detoxification triage using the 48-hour observation bed.
25. European Centre for Monitoring Drugs and Drug Addiction.(2009). Polydrug use: Patterns and responses.
26. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Principles of effective drug treatment.